Cocos Islands II - Engish Version (Eu dps traduzo Madaleno)

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands has been a unique place for coral atoll research since the days when Charles Darwin visited the atoll in April, 1836. On his voyage home after a three year journey aboard the HMS "Beagle" he stayed for only 10 days where he recorded evidence to support his theory of coral atoll formation, "Fringing reefs are converted into barrier reefs and barrier reefs, when encircling islands are thus converted into atolls", he wrote in 1836.
It was the only coral atoll he had ever visited to support his theory. Darwin's theory recognises an evolutionary sequence by vertical reef growth from volcanic island fringing reefs, through barrier reefs, to coral atolls driven by gradual subsidence of the volcanic island core.

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands were named after sighting of the group by Captain William Keeling in 1609. However records of his sightings were not known until 1631. They are recorded with the name Cocos Eylanden in a manuscript map drawn by Hessel Gerritsz.

On the 6th December 1825 Captain John Clunies Ross, when on a short stop over on the Islands, cleared an area on Direction and Horsburgh Island and planted cereal and vegetable crops. At the time, Captain Ross was sailing a trading vessel called the Borneo for Alexander Hare's trading company. It wasn't until the following year that a settlement was established by Alexander Hare. With him, he brought a crew of mainly Sumatran and Javanese seamen and women of various nationalities.

John Clunies Ross then settled himself on the South Island and was determined to establish a good reputation in trading; Hare on the other hand led a colourful, free and easy life. He desired and sought obscurity and his behaviour, according to Clunies Ross, became unbalanced. Both Hare and Clunies Ross put forward claims for ownership of the Islands. However in 1831 Hare left and died soon after in Batavia. From then on the people of Cocos cleared all the native vegetation to plant coconut trees where they extracted the oil from the coconuts to sell and trade as Copra. John Clunies Ross and his family to follow became 'Kings of Cocos', where they ruled for more than 150 years.


In 1857 the Islands were declared as part of the British Dominions. Responsibility for supervision of the Island alternated between the Governments of Ceylon, the Straits Settlements and Singapore. In 1886 Queen Victoria granted all of the Islands, under certain provisions, to John Clunies Ross. Eventually in 1978 the Government of Australia purchased the majority of the Islands from John Cecil Clunies-Ross for Au $6.25 million. In 1979 under a local Government ordinance the Government transferred the majority of land to the Cocos Island Council. On the 4th April 1984 the Cocos Malay residents voted to become part of Australia, and in an Act of Self Determination witnessed by the United Nations it is now administered by the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council.

The Royal Australian Navy's first engagement in battle was near the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in November 1914 when the HMS Sydney was sent to destroy the SMS Emden, a 118 metre German warship independently cruising the British trade routes in the southern oceans. A shore party from the Emden landed to destroy the wireless and cable station on Direction Island. While the landing party was ashore, the HMS Sydney arrived and engaged the Emden. The battle lasted for about 2 hours until the Sydney out manoeuvred and out gunned the Emden. Badly damaged and sinking, she ran aground off the southern end of North Keeling Island, (now Pulu Keeling National Park) and lay at rest there until 1960 when a Japanese scrap metal company salvaged the metal from the vessel. The remains have since slipped back down the reef, where they now lie in 8 metres of water. The SMS Emden is now registered as an historical shipwreck